Dificultades y temores de las enfermeras que enfrentan la pandemia de COVID-19 en Brasil

Vagner Ferreira Nascimento, Thalise Yuri Hattori, Ana Cláudia Pereira Terças-Trettel

Texto completo:

HTML PDF XML

Resumen

Introducción: La alta transmisibilidad y expansión del nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) en el mundo constituyen un alto riesgo laboral para los profesionales de la salud, especialmente las enfermeras. Objetivo: Identificar las dificultades y los temores de las enfermeras que enfrentan la pandemia de COVID-19 en Brasil. Métodos: Este es un estudio exploratorio y cualitativo, realizado en marzo de 2020, con enfermeras de varias instituciones de salud. La recopilación de datos se realizó a través de la aplicación WhatsApp, con un cuestionario. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó el análisis de contenido. Resultados: Las dificultades y los temores presentados se relacionaron con el riesgo diario de exposición al virus, los problemas de acceso y uso de equipo de protección personal, las dudas en el diagnóstico diferencial así como la sobrecarga de trabajo y la mayor demanda de atención de pacientes y familiares. Discusión: La vulnerabilidad de las enfermeras en el estudio es preocupante, porque carecen de apoyo y atención y ello interfiere en la salud y la calidad de la atención. Esta suma de factores aumenta el miedo, la ansiedad, la inseguridad y la incertidumbre para enfrentar el futuro.

Palabras clave

enfermería; salud ocupacional; coronavirus.

Referencias

Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus‐infected pneumonia. N Eng J Med [Internet]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 23];382(13):1199-07. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316

Li X, Wang W, Zhao X, Zai J, Zhao Q, Li Y, et al. Transmission dynamics and evolutionary history of 2019‐nCoV. J Med Virol [Internet] 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 23];92(5):501-11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25701.

Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet [Internet] 2020 Feb [cited 2020 Apr 25];395(10223):470-3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9.

who.into [Internet]. Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) (SituationReport-114):1-17 [cited 2020 May 13]. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200512-covid-19-sitrep-113.pdf?sfvrsn=feac3b6d_2

covid.saude.gov.br Brasil. [Internet]. [Coronavirus panel]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 13]. Available from: https://covid.saude.gov.br/

Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a 286 family cluster. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 Feb [cited 2020 Apr 18];395(10223):514-23. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-287

Wang J, Zhao S, Liu M, Zhao Z, Xu Y, Wang P, et al. ACE2 expression by colonic epithelial cells is associated with viral infection immunity and energy metabolism. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 18]:1-13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.05.20020545

Wang LS, Wang YR, Ye DW, Liu QQ. A review of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) based on current evidence. Int J Antimicrob Agents: 105948. [Preprint]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 20]: [7p.]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105948

Xia J, Tong J, Liu M, Shen Y, Guo D. Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol [Internet]. 2020 Feb [cited 2020 Apr 18];92:589-4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25725

Xiao F, Tang M, Zheng X, Li C, He J, Hong Z, et al. Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2020 May [cited 2020 Apr 18];158(6):1831-33.e3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.055

Ye G, Lin H, Chen L, Wang S, Zeng Z, Wang W, et al. Environmental contamination of the SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare premises: An urgent call for protection for healthcare workers. Journal of Infection [Preprint]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 20]:12-43. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.11.20034546

Jiang L, Broome ME, Ning C. The performance and professionalism of nurses in the fight against the new outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic of Chinese nurses is laudable. Int J Nurs Stud [Preprint]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 26]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103578

Klement E, Godefroy N, Burrel S, Kornblum D, Monsel G, Bleibtreu A, et al. (2020). The first locally acquired novel case of 2019-nCoV infection in a healthcare worker in the Paris área. Clin Infect Dis:ciaa171 [Preprint]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 26]: [6p.]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa171

Shultz JM, Baingana F, Neria Y. The 2014 Ebola outbreak and mental health: current status and recommended response. JAMA [Internet]. 2015 Feb [cited 2020 Apr 30];313(6):567-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.17934

Bao Y, Sun Y, Meng S, Shi J, Lu L. 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 Feb [cited 2020 Apr 16];395(10224):e37-e38. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3

Son H, Lee WJ, Kim HS, Lee KS, You M. Examination of Hospital Workers’ Emotional Responses to an Infectious Disease Outbreak: Lessons From the 2015 MERS Co-V Outbreak in South Korea. Disaster Med Public Health Prep [Internet]. 2019 Jun [cited 2020 Apr 22];13(3):504-10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.95

Bell SA, Brysiewicz P. 2020 year of the nurse and midwife: Meeting new challenges. Int Emerg Nurs [Internet]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 22];49:100848. Available from: https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2020.100848

Asmundson GJG, Taylor S. Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak. J Anxiety Disord [Internet]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 22];70:102196. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102196

The Lancet. 2020: unleashing the full potential of nursing. Lancet [Editorial][Internet]. 2019 Nov [cited 2020 Apr 28];394(10212):1979. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32794-1

who.into [Internet]. Year of the Nurse and the Midwife 2020. Genebra: World Health Organization. (n.d.). [cited 2020 Apr 28]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/campaigns/year-of-the-nurse-and-the-midwife-2020

ibge.gov [Internet]. [Cities and States Mato Grosso]. Brasília: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (n.d.). [cited 2020 Apr 18]. Portuguese. Available from: https://www.ibge.gov.br/cidades-e-estados/mt.html

Polit DF, Beck CT. Nursing Research: Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice. 11rd ed. Wolters Kluwer Health; 2019.

Ying Y, Kong F, Zhu B, Ji Y, Lou Z, Ruan L. Mental health status among family members of health care workers in Ningbo, China during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak: a Cross-sectional Study. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 25]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.13.20033290

Kang L, Ma S, Chen M, Yang J, Wang Y, Li R, et al. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun [Preprint]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 22];S0889-1591(20):30348-2. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028

Liu Y, Wang H, Chen J, Zhang X, Yue X, Ke J. Emergency management of nursing human resources and supplies to respond coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic. Int J Nurs Sci [Internet]. 2020 Apr [cited 2020 Apr 23];7(2):135-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.03.011

Liang Y, Chen M, Zheng X, Liu J. Screening for Chinese medical staff mental health by SDS and SAS during the outbreak of COVID-19. J Psychosom Res [Internet]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 27];133(2020):110102. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110102

Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 22];3(3):e203976. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976

Li Z, Ge J, Yang M, Feng J, Qiao M, Jiang R, et al. Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control. Brain Behav Immun [Preprint]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 23];S0889-1591(20):30309-3. Avaliable from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007

Huang J, Han M, Luo T, Ren A, Zhou X. Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi [Internet]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 26];38(3):192-5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn121094-20200219-00063

Qi J, Xu J, Li B, Huang J, Yang Y, Zhang Z, et al. The Evaluation of Sleep Disturbances for Chinese Frontline Medical Workers under the Outbreak of COVID-19. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 22]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.06.20031278

Alsubaie S, Temsah MH, Al-Eyadhy AA, Gossady I, Hasan GM., Al-rabiaah A, et al. Somily Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus epidemic impact on healthcare workers' risk perceptions, work and personal lives. J Infect Dev Ctries [Internet]. 2019 Oct [cited 2020 Apr 30];13(10):920-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11753

Kock RA, Karesh WB, Veas F, Velavan TP, Simons D, Mboera LEG, et al. 2019-nCoV in context: lessons learned? Lancet Planet Health [Internet]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 25];4(3):e87-e88. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30035-8

Schwartz J, King CC, Yen MY. Protecting health care workers during the COVID-19 coronavirus outbreak-lessons from Tai-wan’s SARS response. Clin Infect Dis [Preprint]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 25];pii:ciaa255:[3p.] Avaliable from: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa255

Kwok KO, Li KK, Chan HH, Yi YY, Tang A, Wei W, et al. Community Responses during Early Phase of COVID-19 Epidemic, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 2020 Jul [cited 2020 May 10];26(7). Avaliable from: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.200500

Choi KR, Jeffers KS, Logsdon MC. Nursing and the Novel Coronavirus: Risks and Responsibilities in a Global Outbreak. J Adv Nurs [Preprint]. 2020 Jan [cited 2020 Apr 26]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14369

Koh D. Occupational risks for COVID-19 infection. Occup Med (Lond) [Internet]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 28];70(1):3-5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa036

Pialirissi R. [Precarious Work]. Revista Administração em Saúde [Internet]. 2017 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 21];17(66): [12p.]. Portuguese. Available from: https://doi.org/10.23973/ras.66

Ling L, Joynt GM, Lipman J, Constantin JM, Joannes-Boyau O. COVID-19: A critical care perspective informed by lessons learnt from other viral epidemics. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med[Internet]. 2020 Apr [cited 2020 Apr 21];39(2):163-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accpm.2020.02.002

Misra A. Doctors and healthcare workers at frontline of covid 19 epidemic: admiration, a pat on the back, and need for extreme caution. Diabetes Metab Syndr [Internet]. 2020 May-Jun [cited 2020 Apr 26];14(3):255-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.03.006

Santos JLG, Vieira M, Assuiti LFC, Gomes D, Meirelles BHS, Santos SMA. [Risk and vulnerability in the practice of professional healthcare]. Rev. Gaúcha Enferm. [Internet]. 2012 Jun [cited 2020 Apr 28];33(2):205-12. Portuguese. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-14472012000200028

Monteiro KJL, Rozenthal T, Lemos ERS. [Differential diagnosis of Brazilian spotted fever and dengue in the context of acute febrile illness]. Rev Patol Trop [Internet]. 2014 Jun [cited 2020 Apr 22];43(3):241-50. Portuguese. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5216/rpt.v43i3.32220

Sergio ADM, Figueroa EG, Saadia VGM, Elizabeth SH, Beatriz RS, Víctor MAA, et al. Leptospirosis prevalence in patients with initial diagnosis of dengue. J Trop Med [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2020 Apr 23]:[5p.]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/519701

Chrispal A., Boorugu H., Gopinath K. G., Chandy S., Prakash J. A., Thomas E. M., Abraham A. M., Abraham O. C., & Thomas K. Acute undifferentiated febrile illness in adult hospitalized patients: the disease spectrum and diagnostic predictors – an experience from a tertiary care hospital in south India. Trop Doct [Internet]. 2010 Oct [cited 2020 Apr 26];40(4):230-4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1258/td.2010.100132

De Moraes JC, Toscano CM, de Barros EN, Kemp B, Lievano F, Jacobson S, et al. Etiologies of rash and fever illnesses in Campinas, Brazil. J Infect Dis[Internet]. 2011 Sep [cited 2020 Apr 26]; 204 (Suppl 2):S627-36. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jir490.

Bordi L, Nicastri E, Scorzolini L, Di Caro A, Capobianchi MR, Castilletti C, et al. Differential diagnosis of illness in patients under investigation for the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), Italy, February 2020. Euro Surveill [Internet]. 2020 Feb [cited 2020 Apr 27];25(8):2-5. Avaliable from: https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.8.2000170

Beirigo APT, Pereira IS, Costa PS. [Influenza A (H1N1): bibliographic review]. SaBios: Revista. Saúde e Bioliologia [Internet]. 2017 May/Aug [cited 2020 Apr 27];12(2): 53-67. Avaliable from: https://revista2.grupointegrado.br/revista/index.php/sabios2/article/view/2495

Lan J, Song Z, Miao X, Li H, Li Y, Dong L, et al. Skin damage among healthcare workers managing coronavirus disease-2019. J Am Acad Dermatol [Internet]. 2020 May [cited 2020 Apr 6];82(5):1215-1216. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.03.014

Chen Q, Liang M, Li Y, Guo J, Fei D, Wang L, et al. Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 Apr [cited 2020 Apr 25];7(4):e15-e16. Available from https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30078-X

cofen.com [Internet]. [Cofen provides a channel for emotional help to professionals]. Brasília: Conselho Federal de Enfermagem (Report 2020 Mar 25). [cited 2020 Apr 18]. Portuguese. Available from: http://www.cofen.gov.br/cofen-disponibiliza-canal-para-ajuda-emocional-a-profissionais_78283.html

Grech V. (2020). Unknown unknowns – COVID-19 and potential global mortality. Early Hum Dev [Internet]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 30];144:105026. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105026

Law S, Leung AW, Xu C. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): From Causes to Preventions in Hong Kong. Int J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2020 May [cited 2020 Apr 20];94:156-63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.059

Lima CKT, Carvalho PMM, Lima IAAS, Nunes JVAO, Saraiva JS, de Souza RI, et al. The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 May [cited 2020 Apr 21];287:112915. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915

Machado MH, Aguiar Filho W, Lacerda WF, Oliveira E, Lemos W, Wermelinger M, et al [General characteristics of nursing: the socio-demographic profile]. Enferm. Foco [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2020 Apr 27];7(Suppl):9-14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707X.2016.v7.nESP.686

Haleem A, Javaid M, Vaishya R. Effects of COVID 19 pandemic in daily life. Curr Med Res Pract [Preprint]. 2020 Apr [cited 2020 Apr 27]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmrp.2020.03.011

Chatterjee P, Nagi N, Agarwal U, Das B, Banerjee S, Sarkar S, et al. The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: A review of the current evidence. Indian J Med Res. 2020 Feb /Mar [cited 2020 Apr 30];151(2):147-159. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_519_20

Li H, Liu SM, Yu XH, Tang SL, Tang CK. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspective. Int J Antimicrob Agents [Preprint]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 23]:105951. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951



Licencia de Creative Commons
Esta obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional.